Quite a few DESIGN-BUILD CONTRACTORS companies in refrigeration do not have a predefined sets of Codes and Standards; leaving it to particular contract specifications.
But without them compiling an Engineering Manual is a challenge
Clarification
1. Code and Standards,
• Code tells you what you need to do, and a standard tells you how to do it to achieve an acceptable level of quality or safety
2. Procedures,
• A series of detailed steps to followed
3. Protocols
• A protocol defines a set of rules used by two or more parties to interact between themselves. A standard is a formalized protocol accepted by most of the parties that implement it.
Disclaimer
The list of code, standards, procedures listed in this document does not represent all the code required in every refrigeration project. But are the bases for a structured, coherent refrigeration company Engineering Manual. Paraphrasing the codes
Code list should apply to:
a) all refrigeration systems installed subsequent to its adoption
b) refrigeration systems that undergo a substitution of refrigerant
c) Those parts of a refrigeration system that are replaced in, or added to, refrigeration systems installed prior to its adoption.
2. Notes
2.1. Specified Codes at the beginning of project
"The degree of examination and the acceptance standards beyond the requirements of this Code shall be a matter of prior agreement between the manufacturer, fabricator or erector and the Owner."
Almost a standard clause in many codes, signifies codes and standards in the project must be agreed prior starting the work
2.2. Specified the Right Code and Section.
One of the most dangerous scenarios occurs when the specification lists several codes and sections and then leaves it up to the designer fabricator or contractor to select the section that applies, or no code is mentioned!
Example:
Owners and their engineers frequently make unreasonable demands in the engineer's specifications, but the worst situation occurs when, toward the end of a job, the owner insists on radiographing welds that were not required to be radiographed by code or by contract. Or worse—the owner radiographs them himself and gets results that he doesn't like. This violates standard industry practice expressed in ASME B31.1, paragraph 136.1:
The range of nondestructive examination B31.3 imposes depends on the fluid service category that the owner specifies for a given piping system. These categories are:
1. Normal—ordinary process piping service
2. Category M—Lethal fluid service
3. High Pressure—Exceeds ASME B16.5 pressure limits for Class 2500 flanges
4. Severe Cyclic—Stress at a joint exceeds 80 percent of the allowable stress range and the number of thermal cycles will exceed 7,000
5. Category D—Innocuous fluid, low-pressure, and not very high-temperature service
The extent of examination for fluid service categories is:
1. Normal—5 percent random radiography of butt welds
2. Category M—20 percent random radiography of butt welds
3. High Pressure—100 percent radiography of butt and branch connections
4. Severe Cyclic—100 percent radiography of all butt welds and branch connections
5. Category D—Visual examination only
Each fluid service category also has its own radiographic acceptance criteria. Some highlights are:
1. Normal—Allows some incomplete penetration
2. Category M—Same as normal fluid service
3. High Pressure—Tight limits on reinforcement both OD and ID, no undercut permitted (either OD or ID), and a surface roughness limitation of 500 micro inches; no incomplete penetration permitted
4. Severe Cyclic—Similar to acceptance criteria for high pressure
Attention to what radiographers use as acceptance criteria.
It's important to ensure that the proper radiographic acceptance standards are applied.
2.3. Comply with the codes
If a code, standard or procedures is specified in technical documents, specifications etc. design, fabrication must comply with every single line of that code
2.4. Comply with additional requirements
Remember that the codes tell how to do it to achieve an acceptable or minimum level of quality or safety if the owner ask for more; you cannot invoke the code, section, paragraph to justify non-compliance
Example;
Code and section require let say 5% radiography and owner requires 100% radiography twice you must comply if mention in the specifications as an addition
Good news is the owner cannot require less stringent criteria then the cods
2.5. If you do not know how to do something – Find a Code!
The best way to ensure visibility of your design is to follow codes standards and procedures
2.6. Misconception!!! no compliance with code speed up the process or cost less
Is like saying I don’t like to follow traffic rules, their purpose is to slow you down, see If I do not need to stop at traffic light, I would’ve been home by now.
Well… chances are you never reach home.
3. Codes, standards procedures
3.1. Refrigeration codes
ANSI†/ASHRAE‡ Standard 15-1994 Safety Code for Mechanical refrigeration
ANSI/IIAR 2-1992, Equipment Design and Installation of Ammonia Mechanical Refrigeration System
IIAR Bulletin 109, Minimum Safety Criteria for a Safe Ammonia Refrigeration System
IIAR Bulletin 110, Startup, Inspection, and Maintenance of Ammonia Mechanical Refrigeration System
ASHRAE Handbook - the four-volume flagship publication of the nonprofit technical organization ASHRAE (formerly American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers). This Handbook is considered the practical repository of knowledge on the various topics that form the field of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R).
The four volumes are Fundamentals, Refrigeration, HVAC Applications ("Applications"), and HVAC Systems and Equipment ("Systems and Equipment")
Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) for noise level and standards on equipment sound measurement and rating (250, 260, 370)
ANSI/ASHRAE Addenda a, b, c, d, and g to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 for Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Refrigeration System Design Calculation
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2022, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2022, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants
BSRIA BG 50/2 013 - Water Treatment for Closed Heating and Cooling Systems
3.2. Civil, Electrical
ANSI/NFPA 70 National Electric Code
International Mechanical Code
ANSI/NFPA 1-1997, Fire prevention Code
National Mechanical Code 1993
National Building Code 1996
Standard Fire Code 1994
Uniform Mechanical Code 1997
Uniform Building Code 1997
Uniform Fire Code 1997
3.3. Piping, welding
ASME B31.3; ASME B31.5;
Welding
Applicable AWS (American Welding Society (AWS) Standards)
Vessel Fabrication and design ASME SEC. VIII DIV.1 ED. Latest
3.4. Insulation
DIN 4149 Insulation work on industrial installations and building equipment-Execution of thermal and cold insulations,
AGI Q152 Insulation work on industrial installations Protection against moisture
AGI Q 154 Insulation Work at Industrial Installations
AGI-Q-151 Insulation works Corrosion protection under thermal and cold insulations at industrial installations
AGI Q 154 Insulation Work at Industrial Installations Support- and Spacer-ring Constructions
VDI 2055 Thermal Insulation for Heated and Refrigerated Industrial and Domestic Installation
Thermal insulation of heated and refrigerated operational installations in the industry and in the building services - technical basics for the verification of properties of Insulating materials
NF EN ISO 7345 Thermal insulation – Physical quantities and definitions
EN ISO 13789 Thermal performance of buildings – Transmission heat loss coefficient – Calculation method.
NF EN ISO 10456 Thermal insulation – Building materials and products – Determining declared and design thermal values.
NF EN ISO 10211 Thermal bridges in building construction – Heat flows and surface temperatures – Detailed calculations.
3.5. Commissioning
CIBSE Commissioning Code R: 2002 Refrigerating systems
CIBSE Commissioning Code: Commissioning Management
ASHRAE Guideline 0-2019 - The Commissioning Process
ASHRAE Guideline 0.2-201 5 - Commissioning Process for Existing Systems and Assemblies
BSRIA BG- 11/2 010 Commissioning Jo b Book - A framework for managing the commissioning process
ASHRAE Standard 41.1-2 020 - Standard Methods for Temperature Measurement (ANSI Approved)
3.6. Sound and Vibration
BS EN 744 5-1:200 3 - Description and measurement of environmental noise. Guide to quantities and procedures
BS 5228-2:2009 Code of practice for noise and vibration control and open sites
(ANSI) Standard S3.29-1983, “Guide to the valuation of Human Exposure to Vibration in Buildings”
Standard ISO 2631-2:1989 (E), “Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body vibration – Part 2: Continuous and Shock-Induced Vibration in Buildings (1 to 80 Hz)
3.7. Cold Box Enclosures (insulated panels)
BS EN 14509:2013 Self-supporting double skin metal faced insulating panels
Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) Engineering Design Guide
EASIE – Ensuring Advancement in Sandwich Construction through Innovation and Exploitation
NF EN ISO 7345 Thermal insulation – Physical quantities and definitions.
EN ISO 13789 Thermal performance of buildings – Transmission heat loss coefficient – Calculation method.
NF EN ISO 10456 Thermal insulation – Building materials and products – Determining declared and design thermal values.
NF EN ISO 10077-1 Thermal performance of windows, doors, and shutters – Calculation of thermal transmittance – Part 1: Simplified method.
NF EN ISO 10077-2 Thermal performance of windows, doors, and shutters – Calculation of thermal transmittance – Part 1: Numerical method for frames.
NF EN ISO 12631 Thermal performance of curtain walls – Calculation of thermal transmittance.
NF EN 13125 Shutters for bay windows and interior and exterior blinds – Additional thermal resistance – Allocation of a class of air permeability to a product.
NF EN ISO 6946 Building components and building elements – Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance coefficient – Calculation method
NF EN ISO 10211 Thermal bridges in building construction – Heat flows and surface temperatures – Detailed calculations.
ISO 12567 Thermal insulation of windows and doors – Determination of thermal transmittance by the hot-box method.
NF EN 12412-2 Thermal performance of windows, doors, and shutters – Determination of the thermal transmittance coefficient by the hot-box method – Part 2: frames.
NF EN ISO 10211 Thermal bridges in buildings – Heat flows and surface temperatures – Detailed calculations
NF EN ISO 8990 Thermal insulation – Determination of steady-state thermal transmission properties – Calibrated and guarded hot-box methods.
3.8. Thermal
BS EN 13187:1999 Thermal performance of buildings
EN ISO 6946:2017 Building components and building elements -Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance - Calculation methods (ISO 6946:2017)
ISO 10211-1:1995 Thermal bridges in building construction — Heat flows and surface temperatures
EN ISO 10211-2 Thermal bridges - Calculation of heat flows and surface temperatures - Part 2: Linear thermal bridges (ISO/DIS 10211-2:1995)
ISO 13370:2017 Thermal performance of buildings — Heat transfer via the ground — Calculation methods
3.9. Structural
ASCE Standard - ASCE/SEI 7-16 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
EN 1993-1-8/AC:2009 Steel Connections
EN 1993-1-1/NA:2008 Steel Connections Steel Structure
BS 5950-5:
3.10. BIM
BS 1192:2007 + A2:2016 Specification for information management for the capital/delivery phase of construction projects using building information modelling
PAS 1192-2:2013 Specification for information management for the capital/delivery phase of construction projects using building information modelling
PAS 1192-3:2014: Specification for information management for the operational phase of assets using building information modelling (BIM)
BS 1192-4:2014: Collaborative production of information. Fulfilling employer’s information exchange requirements using COBie
PAS 1192-5:2015: Specification for security-minded building information modelling, digital built environments and smart asset management
BS 8536-1:2015: Briefing for design and construction. Code of practice for facilities management (Buildings infrastructure)
BS 8536-2:2016: Briefing for design and construction, Part 2; code of practice for asset management (Linear & geographical infrastructure) BS 8536-2: 2016
Procedures
Standard Method and Procedure (SMP)
BIM Protocol
BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL (BIM) PROTOCOL
CIC/BIM Pro first edition 2013
Code of practice
UK BIM Framework
4. Conclusion
The present list is incomplete and in need of updates. Please contribute to create a more accurate list for Refrigeration Industry … the benefit of all. Write your addition, modifications to cmatthews@frigidmodels.com
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